Maimonides Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Maimonides - Research Paper Example He was viewed as one of the well known Jewish Philosophical figures from the medieval ages. He was likewise an incredible â€Å"Torah† (name given by the Jews to the initial five books of Bible) researcher and a notable doctor. Mimonides was conceived in Cordova, Spain on Passover eve (a one of a kind quick day in Judiasm) in 1135 and kicked the bucket in Egypt (Tiberias) on twentieth Tevet (fourth month of Hebrew schedule), December 12, 1204.Besides Maimonides, Cordova was likewise the origination of Avveros (Davidson 7-9). His dad â€Å"Maimon†, was the immediate descendent of the King David. Maimon filled in as an appointed authority in the city’s Rabbinical Court. His mom died not long after his introduction to the world (Mangel). Maimonides was conceived during the age which is considered by numerous researchers as the finish of the brilliant time of Jewish culture in the IberismPennisula after entry of initial scarcely any long stretches of Moorish standard. Muslim standard was set up in Cordova and it stood and filled in as one of the best savvy habitats of the world by then of time (Stroumsa 65). Anyway as revealed by Jacobs and Broyde, the circumstance went ahead and the occasions turned out to be more terrible when the Almohads attacked in 1148. They offered the neighborhood non-Muslims to pick either between Islam or, more than likely outcast. Else, they will be executed in the event that they would not follow any of the given other options. The group of Maimonides needed to leave Cordova powerfully and in the wake of meandering to a great extent for such huge numbers of years, they finally get settled in Fez, Morroco in 1160. In Morroco, they were obscure to the neighborhood specialists which bolstered them to go as Muslims.There Maimonides learned at the University of Al-Karaouine.At that time, he began to take a shot at his first strict artful culmination, â€Å"Commentary on Mishnah†. Be that as it may, this double life was progressively undermining as the Maimonides’ fame was developing consistently and the higher specialists were exploring in regards to the strict demeanor of this profoundly scholarly and skilled youthful man. The continuous request had made him be accused of the wrongdoing of having returned from Islam due to the evidenceprovided by a witness. In any case, because of the intercession of a Muslim companion, he stayed effective in getting away from the circumstance. Notwithstanding, these conditions caused his family by and by to leave Fez in 1165 and consumed this existence looking for some asylum. Thereafter, they began their excursion and went to Acre, to Jerusalem, and afterward to Fustat (Cairo), where they settled themselves in 1166 (Jac obs &Broyde). In Egypt, Maimonides needed to confront various incidents directly in the beginning years. Jacobs and Broyde had referenced in their article that his dad, Maimon had kicked the bucket during that period as well. After the death of his dad, his sibling â€Å"David†had assumed the liability of supporting the family by exchanging of valuable stones. His money related help had furnished Maimonides with the solace of proceeding and giving himself to contemplate Torah and creator his first academic work on the Mishnah which began in 1166 and completed in 1168. This work of Maimonides was built up as an original work in the Jewish Law. Yet, it was not the finish of misfortunes for Maimonides, as his sibling got died in the ocean in 1171. With his sibling, his own fortune alongside the enormous totals of different dealers that had been depended upon David, were additionally lost with him. That occasion had influenced the strength of Maimonides and he stayed wiped ou t for quite a while length. In the wake of recouping his

Film Review of ‘Bad Boy Bubby’ Essay Example

Film Review of ‘Bad Boy Bubby’ Essay Film audit of ‘Bad Boy Bubby’ Dark, clever, uncovering, stunning, uncommon, and plain fun†¦ acknowledge these words on the off chance that you ever choose to watch this film in the event that you haven’t as of now. What's more, on the off chance that you as of now have, watch it once more. For a low spending film shot in Australia in 1993, and questionable in a few nations at the time because of its fierce depiction of misuse, bareness and interbreeding, and dysfunctional behavior, Bad Boy Bubby is loaded up with staggering execution from the film’s insane haired man-kid hero â€Å"Bubby†, played by Nicholas Hope. Maybe there are more valid justifications than awful to have huge costs for motion pictures these days, and as a general rule the movies with least cash contributed turn a little crowd. In any case, just a couple of special cases in cinematography can lead such poor ventures into high worth yields, and several those exemptions are an extraordinary storyline and authenticity in acting. The film’s picaresque plot follows Bubby as he rises into the obscure world past the Freudian jail in which his mom has separated him very much into his adulthood. This outsider in a peculiar land, continually imitating the brutality, antagonistic vibe and hazard of people around him, in the long run finds the delights of music and pizza, the lip services of religion, and the conceivable outcomes of a caring family †thus finally turns into his own individual, himself currently impersonated by others. Being a dark parody, though more dim than entertaining, there isn’t much requirement for luxurious ensembles or embellishments. Rather, the crowd is to be caught through the lost and baffling attitude the characters give, particularly the sullen scenes of abuse the hero guiltlessly performs all through the story. We will compose a custom paper test on Film Review of ‘Bad Boy Bubby’ explicitly for you for just $16.38 $13.9/page Request now We will compose a custom article test on Film Review of ‘Bad Boy Bubby’ explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer We will compose a custom article test on Film Review of ‘Bad Boy Bubby’ explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer The authenticity given in certain events could even make you question on the off chance that it was to be sure a catch of genuine feeling. Eventually there is no motivation to not prescribe this film to anybody, inasmuch as they have a solid yet receptive outlook to evil silliness. Shot by a few unique cinematographers to catch its protagonist’s steady feeling of confused miracle, this dim parody envelops itself by a quirkily delightful tasteful that keeps us observing in any event, when the material is at its generally repellent or disturbing. It is a rich and on occasion extremely interesting look into the debasing, conflicting nature of present day life. A distinct must see.

Avoid Blowing Up Your Honeymoon Budget

Avoid Blowing Up Your Honeymoon Budget Avoid Blowing Up Your Honeymoon Budget Avoid Blowing Up Your Honeymoon BudgetThere are plenty of ways to have the romantic getaway of your dreams without breaking the bank.It may not be as hefty as the wedding industry, but the honeymoon industry is still a $12 billion- a-year industry. And after spending time planning (and paying for) a wedding, a honeymoon is yet another early married-life expense.According to Trip Savvy, the average American honeymoon costs $4,466, while 15% of the market will indulge in more expensive vacationing for an average of $9,954.With the ever-present pressures of social media, it’s easier than ever to overspend on a honeymoon and end up with serious guilt, debt, or post-vacation stress because of itâ€"a side-effect that many tend to suffer from as original research from OppU shows. Even if your intentions are right, it’s easy to get caught up in the Instagrammable moments and lose sight of what you can actually afford. But you can have the honeymoon you want on a budget; it just takes som e research and proper planning.You don’t want to have to rack up your credit card bills, drain your savings account, or take out a personal loan to finance a honeymoon. Any of these options will just lead to unnecessary financial stress. Here are some tips to help you stay on track.Timing is everythingThere is no hard-and-fast rule about taking your honeymoon immediately after the wedding. And if you’re planning on tying the knot during the hectic wedding season (hello summer), you might want to think twice about jetting off right after the reception.The easiest way to save major dough on your honeymoon getaway is to plan for a vacation in the off-season. Wherever your destination may be, you’re bound to find significantly better rates for hotels, transportation, and excursions if you go at a non-peak tourist time.The Knot suggests the off-season or shoulder season (immediately before or after the peak season)   to avoid both higher costs and crowds. Not to mention that travel ing during the off-season doesn’t mean the weather will ruin your good time.“Many islands in the Caribbean have ideal temperatures year-round, but rates skyrocket from January to April due to high demand from winter-weary East Coast travelers,” The Knot says. “In other locales, off-season means high temps, bitter cold, or potential hurricanes, so many hotels and activities in the area shut down completely until more hospitable weather returns. It depends on the place, so definitely do a little research to find out about your dream spot.”Always mention your newlywed statusDon’t hit people over the head with it, but when you’re booking anything from your hotel to your dinner reservation, be sure to let them know you’re on your honeymoon. Even if you don’t get some kind of upgrade, you might get a fun gift or free dessert to celebrate your occasion.Katie James Watkinson for Brides.com wrote that it’s in a company’s best interest to treat you on your special trip, because those kinds of celebrations can always benefit them.“Resorts arent just romantics: Its smart business to cater to honeymooners because theyre more likely to be repeat customers over the years as the resort will always have a sentimental value for them(Admit it: If you have a great time, youd probably love to come back again and again for key anniversaries.),” she wrote.   “So, if theres something they can do to get your business, make sure they know youll be celebrating your wedding. They may mark your reservation the first time you mention it, but just in case they dont be sure to mention the fact on subsequent calls.”The Knot also suggests “playing the honeymoon card” during or before your trip, and advises that perks or upgrades might be better during the off-season. Think upgraded room versus upgraded table at dinner.Put it on the registryIf you’re part of the 75% of engaged couples who live together before getting married, you probably don’t need a ton o f the “traditional” wedding registry stuff. You might create a gift registry for the bridal or wedding shower to upgrade some of what you already have, but honeymoon registries are becoming more and more common.Megan Grant at Bustle suggests using HoneyFund to collect money for your first vacation together post-nuptials. The free honeymoon registry gives you a chance to let your guests know what you’ll be doing and gives them the option to help you pay for it.“Wedding gifts were traditionally meant to help set the new couple up in their home,” Grant wrote. “These days, many partners have a home together before getting married. Do you really need that extra pair of silver candlesticks or a waffle iron? Probably not. In lieu of gifts, ask people to instead put money toward your honeymoon.”Other websites like The Knot include integrated honeymoon funds in their wedding registry options. Guests can do everything from contribute to the general fund or give to a specific out ing like snorkeling or a romantic dinner by the ocean. This way you don’t clutter your kitchen   cabinets with junk you don’t need, and you won’t destroy your savings or end up with vacation spending guilt because you happened to take your dream honeymoon.Use a Travel AgentTravel agents aren’t a thing of the past.They may not be as common as they used to be, but utilizing the knowledge of a travel agent can be a lifesaver for someone planning a wedding or honeymoon. They take care of finding you the best deals and making your trip the best it can be. Best of all? They’re usually free.“A travel agent has access to deals and savings you dont, and you might not even have to pay them for their services,” Grant wrote.No matter what: It costs to travelAt the end of the day, travel is expensive, no matter how you slice it or dice it, but it doesn’t have to wreak havoc on your life, when the point is to get out of town to relax. Here are some additional tips on navigating th ose price-saving hacks.

Presentation Of A Banquet Server - 1264 Words

It has been one year since I started to be a banquet server. The experience of working as a banquet server has helped me to appreciate people hard work around the tables serving their clients without complaining their exhaustion. According to Christa Titus, the author of â€Å"The Definition of a Banquet Server,† â€Å"A banquet server is a person who serves food and beverages to guests at an event.† The servers work at many special events such as graduation ceremony or wedding feast. Some of their duties are serving the ordered dishes, cleaning up the leftovers and assisting guests with their menu items. From my observation, this career is a low class job which pays a little amount of money for the life expenses alone. The workers are paid by hour but the wages in each country are varied. I am a student so my pocket is always empty, and in order to survive in the high cost city, I was desperate to get an income. One of my friends suggested to me to go to the working board where the local businesses’ owner posted the news that they were accepting new workers. There were lots of advertisements when I took a short look on the board but just one that attracted me: the beautiful poster of a wedding dress looking for new servers. The poster explained about the available weekend job with the telephone number and office address for the interview. I was more interested on the poster than working as a banquet server but in the end, I applied for the job because I need the money to pay myShow MoreRelatedCase Study : The Hilton Clearwater Beach 1331 Words   |  6 Pagesan employee of the Hilton for 25 years I found out that â€Å"The current Hilton Clearwater Beach was once a Holiday Inn and was purchased by The Blackstone Group in 1993 and they still sponsor our Hilto n Flag.† (8). According to Fred Hames, one of our Banquets Captains and a long time employee of the Hilton, â€Å"This place has gone through a whole lot of changes,† (4). He spoke of the times when we had a piano player every day in the lobby area to entertain the guests and also went on to tell me about theRead MoreLife At The Hilton Daytona Beach Oceanfront Resort1603 Words   |  7 PagesHilton World Wide When I started at the Hilton Daytona Beach Oceanfront Resort, I didn’t really know what to expect. One of my best friends, James, worked in the banquet department for as long as I could remember, and he helped me get a job. This was my first real job that I ended up staying at for a long time. At first, just like anybody seeking a job, I was curious, but worried at the same time, so I asked James for his perspective on the job because I was just nervous I wouldn’t fit in, or IRead MoreFood and Beverage Services4234 Words   |  17 Pages †¢ Room Service department †¢ Banquet department †¢ Bar am p; lounge. †¢ Restaurants: this is also called as dinning room. Guest come insideRead MoreConference and Banquet Management5543 Words   |  23 Pagesdollar industry that mostly depends on the availability of leisure time and disposable income. A hospitality unit such as a restaurant, hotel, or even an amusement park consists of multiple groups such as facility maintenance, direct operations (servers, housekeepers, porters, kitchen workers, bartenders, etc.), management, marketing, and human resources. The hospitality industry covers a wide range of organizations offering food service and accommodation. The industry is divided into sectors accordingRead MoreProblems Encountered in Entering a Catering Business6280 Words   |  26 Pages Methods of Research used 17 Respondents 17 Sampling Technique 18 Instruments Used 18 Data Process Procedures 18 Statistical Treatment 19 IV. PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION 20 OF STATISTICAL DATA V. SUMMARY OF FINDINGD, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS Summary of Findings 26 Conclusions 26 Recommendations 27 BibliographyRead MoreCatering Thesis2634 Words   |  11 Pages Around the same time there have been documents of Swiss lake dwellers eating in groups by 5000 BC. Later in 500 BC Egyptian and Assyrian records showed evidence of great feast that sported both beer and wine. Since then more evidences of lavish banquets and feats have been discovered. From the stone-age to the ancient civilizations, to the age of the Romans to international renaissance eras large and small food-service events have dotted different cultural histories including right here in the statesRead MoreCatering Industry in India15547 Words   |  63 PagesThis industry comprises establishments primarily engaged in providing single event-based food services. These establishments generally have equipment and vehicles to transport meals and snacks to events and/or prepare food at an off-premise site. Banquet halls with catering staff are included in this industry. Examples of events catered by establishme nts in this industry are graduation parties, wedding receptions, business or retirement luncheons, and trade shows. Restaurant or Foodservice definitionRead MorePurpose of Evaluating Customer Service Policies26269 Words   |  106 Pagesoutskirts of towns and cities. Local example: ____________________ Convention hotels These hotels can have 2000 rooms or more. In addition to accommodation, they provide extensive meeting and function space for holding conventions. There are banquet areas within and around the hotel complex. Most of them provide an in-house laundry, a business centre, airport shuttle service, and 24-hour room service. They are often in close proximity to convention centres and other convention hotels. LocalRead MorePurpose of Evaluating Customer Service Policies26276 Words   |  106 PagesThere are banquet areas within and around the hotel complex. Most of them provide an in-house laundry, a business centre, airport shuttle service, and 24-hour room service. They are often in close proximity to convention centres and other convention hotels. Local example: ____________________ 8 Introduction to Hospitality Commercial They are located in downtown areas. They tend to be smaller than convention hotels. Meeting and function space are smaller, and there hotels are fewer banquet areas.Read MoreSample of an Internship Report2959 Words   |  12 Pagesthe hotel and came out with conclusion. Overview of the hotel Safir Hotel is located in Raoucheh area , it is owned by Bellan Family. There are 8 FB outlets in the hotel: El Fornayo, Views, Coffee shop, pool snack, executive lounge, mini bar and Banquet. The hotel has many facilitie like the swimming pool, the Gym, the Sauna and others. Safir Hotel is a five stars hotel that provide international food and high quality service . In addition to indoor dining, the hotel provides ODC to local market

Rhetorical Analysis of Speech a Speech by George W. Bush...

In this paper I am going to discuss the rhetorical appeals, as well as the argumentative structure, audience and purpose set forth by George W. Bush in his September 27 speech in Flagstaff, Arizona. More specifically I will refer to the rhetorical appeals of ethos, pathos and logos, and explain how they are used to gain the support and attention of the audience and further the further the purpose of the speech. As I explain these appeals I will also give an insight into the argumentative structure and why it is apparent in this particular speech. President Bush’s speech was directed towards an audience of northern Arizonan republican supporters. Bush continuously uses the rhetorical appeal of pathos, the appeal to the†¦show more content†¦It is another great example the rhetorical appeal of pathos. Again in an emotional appeal to the nation Bush tries to sum up the general feelings of his audience when he refers to the people who lost their lives on Flight 93 while working to save others. Bush recalls the events by exclaiming, â€Å"It was a sad, sad moment...†. The use of the word â€Å"sad† was a simple but effective way to convey emotion to the audience and rally it to support the speaker. Bush uses the first few paragraphs of his speech to introduce several of the people he is working with. The appeals he makes in these lines are excellent examples of ethos, the rhetorical appeal to character. Bush continuously comments on the character of the people around him. He speaks of them as if he knows them very well, almost like old friends. Through this appeal the audience became able to relate to these people and learn a little bit about their character. Some of the people mentioned have large families and are of an honest and selfless nature. Because the speaker’s purpose is to gain support from the constituents for the candidates represented, the appeal to the character of the candidates is a crucial tool that becomes extremely vital to the swaying of the audience to the purposes of the speaker. In the case of this speech, the appeals toShow MoreRelatedRhetorical Analysis Of George W. Bush s Speech1364 Words   |  6 Pages Rhetorical Analysis: 9/11 Address to the Nation When reading and watching our former president George W. Bush’s 9/11 Address to the Nation I found the speech to be ineffective. George W. Bush was president at the time of the 9/11 attacks, his speech started and ended efficiently with the appeal to pathos. Though its lack of logos overlooked this and made his speech unsuccessful. This essay will examine the President’s use of rhetorical appeals and how his speech was made for failure. In George WRead MoreRhetorical Analysis Of George W. Bush s Spirit Of Liberty1519 Words   |  7 PagesRhetorical Analysis of George W. Bush’s â€Å"Spirit of Liberty: At Home, in the World† Former president George W. Bush’s speech from Jazz at the Lincoln Center New York, New York, is about the new and evident threats today’s democracies are facing, especially here in the United States of America. In his â€Å"Spirit of Liberty: At Home, in the World† speech, President Bush begins building his argument by stating all the present-day dangers and threats arising against democracy in this world. He cites convincingRead MoreGeorge W Bush s Presidency Essay2151 Words   |  9 PagesGeorge W Bush’s presidency can be associated with an infamous term that stood out from the State of the Union address, that term being ‘Axis of Evil’. In this context, Bush categorised the countries of Iran, Iraq and North Korea as being ‘evil’ states. This neoconservative comment left little doubt as to what Bush’s foreign policy towards these states was going be (Baxter and Akbarzadeh, 2008). This comment would then define George W B ush’s presidency, due to the controversy over this phrase andRead MoreRhetorical Analysis Of Bill Clinton s Nomination Speech1566 Words   |  7 PagesA rhetorical analysis of Bill Clinton’s Nomination Speech In a world of politics, many politicians are involved in negative campaigns and as a result healthy conversation among politicians often lead to a disaster. With the endless political news cycles, rhetoric is essential for politicians to deliver their speeches. Therefore, in this essay, the style and delivery of Bill Clinton’s speech at the Democratic National Convention will be examined. It will be using the three main appeals of Aristotle’sRead MoreAn Analysis Using Rhetoric Expert s Advice Essay2277 Words   |  10 PagesAn Analysis Using Rhetoric Expert’s Advice On the morning of September 11, 2001, al Qaeda terrorists carried out a set of coordinated suicide attacks with four-hijacked passenger planes and killed around 3,000 people on American soil. The first two planes hit the World Trade center in New York and killed everyone on board and hundreds inside the buildings. Following this attack, the nation was informed by President Bush that these attacks were, â€Å"apparent terrorist attacks on our country† (http://wwwRead MoreRhetorical Analysis Of John F. Kennedy s Inaugural Address Essay1566 Words   |  7 PagesBUT FREEDOM: Rhetorical Analysis of John F. Kennedy’s Inaugural Address Tanner A. Woody Anderson University On January 20, 1961, John Fitzgerald Kennedy delivered a speech with a backdrop of snow and a twenty-degree wind blowing in his face in Washington D.C. In his speech, he starts off with saying that his victory is not for a party but it is for freedom. At the climax of his speech, JFK delivers a call to action which is also the most well-known line from his speech: â€Å"†¦ask not whatRead MoreA Whisper Of Aids, By Mary Fisher1774 Words   |  8 Pagesthose who suffer the mutual virus known as H.I.V. or Human Immunodeficiency Virus. She spreads awareness of the outbreak through the use of speeches, campaigns, and volunteer opportunities. Her most famous speech, which defined her as a political icon, was titled â€Å"A Whisper of AIDS†. The speech was delivered at the Republican National Convention, on August 19, 1992, in Houston, Texas. The AIDS rife entered the United States in 1989 and was most common among homosexual men, or African Americans, butRead More George W. B ush’s Language Comprising the War on Terror Essay5251 Words   |  22 Pagesconstitute George W. Bush’s rhetoric on the current â€Å"war on terror.† Through an examination of the language that the president employs when speaking about the war on terror, I will elucidate several different categories of rhetoric he uses to describe different aspects of this conflict. Though largely descriptive, I will briefly compare Bush’s current conflict rhetoric with the conflict rhetoric of past presidents. Through this comparison, we will be able to identify any rhetorical strategiesRead MorePresidential Transitions During The Transition Period Of The Presidency2504 Words   |  11 Pagesuse of this style by presidents, it is not clear where this methodic governing originated. Using historical analysis and case studies, this paper attempts to discover the origin of campaign-style governing during the transition period of the presidency. Using the word diagraming software â€Å"Wordle,† the research shows trends in certain word usage that provides an in-depth look at rhetorical tools used while in the campaign-style transition. Each president had different speeches analyzed and graphedRead MoreThe Federal Funding Of Embryonic Stem Cell Research1554 Words   |  7 PagesBuilding on this latter ‘accessibility’ or ‘memory-based’ model of opinion formation, this study tests the relationship between an increase in available information—or increasing ‘awareness’—and public support for embryonic stem cell research. An analysis of national survey data collected in the USA during the fall of 2001 and the fall of 2002 indicates that although an increase in awareness leads to an increase in support for research, both religious and ideological value predispositions strongly

The Unforgiving Minute Free Essays

The Unforgiving Minute Craig Mullaney definitely made many challenges for himself and accepted challenges from others with no questions asked. Being the thriving Valedictorian of his high school class and earning other prestigious accolades he stood out from the other entire student. But at West Point, Mullaney would be intertwined with hundreds of other classmates with the same, if not more achievements, making it seemingly impossible to be any kind of a predominant student. We will write a custom essay sample on The Unforgiving Minute or any similar topic only for you Order Now Mullaney learned from West Point not only strategies for battle, but also the reasons for someone to go into battle in the first place. Craig came from a strong Catholic upbringing being in a catholic school system where he went to confession routinely, â€Å"confessing all of the shortcomings that he faced during the week whatever it was, from losing a wrestling match to missing homework†, that had been taunting his conscience and where he was taught to â€Å"sanctify others, seeing even our enemies in the image of god† Now he is being asked to do things that conflict those beliefs immensely, such as running a dummy attacker through with a bayonet, and he starts to question his situation, â€Å" I wasn’t sure that I wanted to be a warrior, a professional trained to kill†. So in search of an answer to his question he goes to the Catholic chaplain for better insight. The priest talked to him about believing in a just war, and that â€Å"war, although always horrible, is sometimes necessary to stop a greater evil†. This lesson that Mullaney received from the priest, would better break him in for his future experiences at West Point. But being at West Point strengthened his academics by its uniquely high physical and mental demand. Its demand to be active in a sport in which Craig chose Wrestling gave a harder challenge because of its incredibly strenuous practices and tough competition. Craig was an all state wrestler in high school but in West Point he was inferior to most and had to fight hard to win any matches. The strict rules of West Point were bountiful and diverse from the public display of affection, to making your bed good enough to bounce a quarter off of it, all to make a disciplined and reliable cadet. As far as being a student goes, Mullaney was always learning especially when he went to West Point but also when he went to Ranger School. There he learned the fundamentals of leading a team trough the harshest of missions, whether it is cold, wet, the group is totally sleep deprived and exhausted he learned how to motivate and be the one who knows all the questions. Though sometimes he didn’t know the question such as when he got lost leading his platoon and had to perform the grueling exhausting task all over again which supported a lesson Ranger school taught him, â€Å"real roads never look as they did on a map†. What Ranger School taught Mullaney about being a soldier is, really, everything. From the discipline needed to burn the midnight oil for days straight while still being mentally sharp, to learning how to read maps. His leading skills were really put to the test though, when he had to guide his platoon through miles and miles of rugged terrain, while being responsible for their lives and having to keep track of them when they wonder off because of lack of sleep, and follow a lightning bug. While attending Oxford Mullaney broadened his academic horizons when he was at Lincoln college. He signed up for lectures of all sorts to see what the school had to offer. He said he learned more about drinking than anything and that it was a great transition from West Point, from everything being laid out and strict, to less demanding and stress. Well my experiences in high school didn’t have much of an impact on my leadership skills except in football. Being an upperclassman I was looked up to, and I took on that responsibility to make them into better football players. I took a few AP classes in high school to better prepare me for college and I know It helped me a lot with the transition by getting me familiar with reading a lot more and relying on myself to get things done that are laid out on the syllabus. ——————————————– [ 1 ]. The Unforgiving minute, A Soldier’s Education. Craig M. Mullaney (Penguin Books 2009). 30 [ 2 ]. The Unforgiving Minute. 30 [ 3 ]. The Unforgiving Minute. 30 [ 4 ]. The Unforgiving Minute. 106 How to cite The Unforgiving Minute, Essay examples

A Study on Funeral Rites Workers in Tamil Nadu free essay sample

In the Hindu religion, the death of a person is followed by many rituals which have to be carefully attended to in order to pay the deceased person the last respects. Unlike many other cultures, which will either bury or burn the dead, the Hindu tradition believes in cremating the dead. This goes back to the belief that the human body is made up of the five elements earth, water, fire, air and space and shall return to those five elements after death. This happens much faster when cremated than when buried and is thus the better way to dispose of the dead body with respect and dignity to the deceased person. The Last Rites: When a person dies, the family and relatives prepare the dead body before taking it to the crematorium. For this they first wash the body and gather firewood to burn it. To prepare the wood, they take some sand and cow dung from nearby, mix it with water and paste it onto the wood. Often the family members will also put rice in the mouth of the dead person, symbolically showing the unity of the family; for the family members have taken care of that person and provided him with food while he was alive and will do so even after he is dead. They also use some dried leaves to put them with some more firewood on the body. According to the Hindu customs and tradition, the youngest son cremates the father and the eldest son does the same for the mother. The main work of the cremator is to attend to the dead bodies until they have fully burnt to ashes, with only the bones remaining whole. After the body is fully burnt, the cremators send a message to the family members and the sons will sacrifice their hair in order to pay their respects to the deceased person. Again, the younger son will let his hair be cut if the father died and the elder son if the mother died. To pay the barber for cutting the hair, each family member throws some money in a white cloth, which is then given to the barber. Three days after the cremation the family members sprinkle milk on the ashes and the remaining bones. This symbolizes finishing the circle of life and death. The human being has started his life with drinking milk and shall end it with milk too. Dark Uses: An interesting fact about the cremation was the use of the distilled blood which remains after the body is fully burnt. The thick, dark liquid is often collected by people for purposes of black magic use. This concentrated blood is then mixed with the blood of a cat, monkey, snake, dog and donkey and put on a cloth, which is then burned to obtain black ink with strong magical powers. People usually use the blood in order to obtain the love of the person they want to marry. For this purpose the black magicians will write the name of the person they want to marry with this black ink on a piece of paper and burn it in a copper plate. To make sure this will affect the right person, the person using black magic writes down the names of all the family members too. This is believed to succeed under all circumstances. The last Vettiyans: A musical tradition and a degraded low caste profession: As the feudal, caste-based organization of labor in village India has given way to capitalist market forces and wage labor relations, traditional low caste professions are beginning to disappear. One of these professions is the inherited, highly stigmatized office of funeral drummer and graveyard attendant, called Vettiyans. In Tranquebar, only one person from the Paraiyar caste is still serving as vettiyan, and even he dreams about a better future for his son. This article examines the gradual disappearance of the Vettiyans profession in Tranquebar and the neighboring villages in relation to the general changes in the economic, social, and symbolic status of the low castes. It looks into the ambiguous symbolic meanings of drums and drumming, and compares the Vettiyans profession to that of other drummers and musicians from the Paraiyar caste. The article focuses on the subtle cultural encounters between people, who belong to the same caste and share almost similar cultural backgrounds, but still define each other as ‘others’. It argues that the few remaining Vettiyans are used by their Paraiyar caste fellows as symbolic repositories of the negative, degrading connotations of untouchability and impurity that are still associated with their existence and which they vehemently strive to escape. The last remaining Vettiyans in Tranquebar also dreams of a better future for his son free from the regular abuses at the funeral ceremonies of mainly the fishermen community and from the social isolation at home in the Paraiyar street. He is therefore determined to be the very last Vettiyans in Tranquebar, despite the fact that his teenage son is a very talented tappu player, who often goes along with his father to play at local funerals. If the Vettiyans son manages to find an alternative source of livelihood, the Vettiyans profession will completely disappear in Tranquebar and with that a distinct musical tradition, which for centuries has been closely associated with the cultural and artistic traditions of the Paraiyar caste. Do you know that there are significant differences in the funeral customs among lower and upper caste families? I am talking about funerals in Tamil Nadu villages where the old customs are still practiced (not in metropolitan areas). In the so-called upper caste families, the dead body is taken to the final resting place without much fanfare. There is usually a small or large gathering of friends and family but the funeral procession is a sober, quiet affair. On the contrary, among the so-called lower castes (or untouchables or dalits), the funeral procession is accompanied by musical instruments and much noise. Do you know the reasons for this difference? I heard the following explanation years ago from Kumari Mainthan, a rather lesser known writer-speaker but with some good and original ideas. In the bad old days, lower caste families were not allowed to celebrate their wedding functions with music and gaiety. Only the upper castes were allowed that privilege. It bothered the lower castes and they longed for some gaiety in their functions too. So they decided to conduct their funerals with music and noise. This is the root for the diversity in funeral customs between the lower and upper castes. IMPORTANCE OF VETTIYANS: Importance of Vettiyans can be clearly explained through the following case. CHENNAI: It is not an easy end, both for the dead and their relatives who arrive at the graveyard located at Ambedkar Nagar in Tambaram as there is no employee or Vettiyans to do the final rites there for many years. The graveyard, located in the 20th ward at Tambaram, is more than five decades old and is under the control of the Tambaram municipality catering to the needs of both Hindus and Christians. Absence of a Vettiyans had raised many problems among the residents as the relatives have to make the pyre or bury the body themselves that sometimes leads to improper cremation or burial. Residents claim that the bodies were cremated in odd hours especially between 4pm and 1 am, as there is no one to maintain the yard or question the people. The five-acre site is used for cremation by over 10,000 families of Ambedkar Nagar, Bharathi Nagar, Avvai Nagar, MGR Nagar, Indra Nagar and Rajaji Nagar. According to the residents, at least two to three bodies were cremated a week there. There has been no Vettiyans or a watchman to maintain the graveyard for more than 20 years. We should bury the bodies ourselves and cannot obtain a burial certificate. The worst is, at times, stray dogs drag parts of bodies even as it is in the pyre,† said 40-year-old Prakash, a resident. â€Å"Sometimes, we won’t even know if the person being cremated had a natural death or committed suicide,â₠¬  the resident quickly added. Many local youth offer to cremate the bodies and take Rs 2,000 to Rs 3,000 but they don’t stay there till it burns completely, complain people. Repeated requests to the municipality to come up with halls to perform final rites and meditation have not been yielded any result. â€Å"We have invited applications for both watchman and Vettiyans job, but none approached us. But another ground with all facilities for funeral rites is under construction at West Tambaram. That will solve the issue once it’s ready,† said Lion E Mani, President, and Tambaram Municipality. HISTORY: In the Indian subcontinent, human bodies were either exposed to the elements of nature, and to the birds, or buried in the earth, in a river, and sometimes a cave or an urn. Centuries later, cremation became the usual mode of disposal of the dead bodies, with certain exceptions – the exceptions being bodies of infants, yogis, sadhus, and a few others. Cremation became popular due to the Hindu concept of detachment of soul from the body at the time of death, and the transmigration of the soul from one body to another. Stages: Hindu funeral rites may generally be divided into four stages: * The rituals and rites to be performed when the person is believed to be on the death bed. Rites which accompany the disposal of the dead body. * Rites which enable the soul of the dead to transit successfully from the stage of a ghost (preta) to the realm of the ancestors, the Pitrs. * Rites performed in honor of the Pitrs. Process Preparation of the body Immediately after the death, family members close the mouth and eyes of the deceased, and put the arms straight. The body is placed on the floor with the feet pointing towards the south which is the direction of the dead. An il lamp is lit and placed near the body which is kept burning continuously for the first three days following death. In Hinduism, the dead body is considered to be symbol of great impurity hence minimal physical contact is maintained, perhaps to avoid the spread of infections or germs. Most often the body is bathed by purified water, and then dressed in new clothes. If the dead is male or a widow then generally white clothes are used, whereas if the dead is a married woman with her husband still alive or a young unmarried girl, then the body is dressed either in red or yellow. Sacred ash (bhasma) is applied on the forehead of the deceased if they are worshippers of Lord Shiva (Saivites), otherwise sandalwood paste is applied to the forehead, if the dead was a worshipper for Lord Vishnu (Vaishnava). Further, a few drops of the holy Ganges water may be put into the mouth of the deceased so that the soul may attain liberation, also a few leaves of the holy basil (tulsi) are placed on the right side of the dead body. The body then may be adorned with jewels, and placed lying on a stretcher, with the feet still pointing towards the south or kept in a sitting position. The stretcher is adorned with different flowers including roses, jasmine, and marigolds, and the body is almost completely covered with the flowers. Thereafter, the close relatives of the deceased person carry the stretcher on their shoulders to the cremation ground. If it is located at a distance, traditionally the stretcher is placed on a cart pulled by animals such as bullocks. Nowadays vehicles are also used. Cremation: The cremation ground is called Shmashana (in Sanskrit), and traditionally it is located near a river, if not on the river bank itself. A pyre is prepared, on which the corpse is laid with its feet facing southwards; this is so the dead person can walk in the direction of the dead. The jewels, if any, are removed. Thereafter, the chief mourner (generally the eldest son for those who have children, husband for the childless married or brother for the unmarried) walks around the pyre three times keeping the body to his left. While walking he sprinkles water and sometimes ghee onto the pyre from a vessel. He then lights a small fire inside deceaseds mouth, this is known as mukh-aagni. The pyre is then set alight with a flaming torch. The eginning of the cremation heralds the start of the traditional mourning period, which usually ends on the morning of the 13th day after death. When the fire has consumed the body, which may take several hours, the mourners return home. During this mourning period the families of the dead are bound by many rules and regulations of ritual impurity. Immediately after the cremation the enti re family is expected to have a bath. One or two days after the funeral, the chief mourner returns to the cremation ground to collect the mortal remains and put them in an urn. These remains are then immersed in a river. Those who can afford it may go to special sacred places like Varanasi, Haridwar, Allahabad, Sri Rangam, Brahmaputra on the occasion of Ashokastami and Kanya Kumari to perform this rite of immersion of mortal remains. The preta-karma is an important aspect of Hindu funeral rites, and its objective is to facilitate the migration of the soul of the dead person from the status of a preta (ghost or spirit) to the abode of the ancestors (Pitrs)[citation needed]. It is believed that if this stage of the funerary rites are not performed or are performed incorrectly, the spirit of the dead person will become a ghost (bhuta)[citation needed]. The rites generally last for ten or eleven days, at the end of which the preta is believed to join the abode of the ancestors. Thereafter, they are worshipped during the sraddha ceremonies. Manual burning: The following is a general practice in India. The body is handed over to the Government officials at the crematorium. The officials will give consent to burn the body once you produce a doctors certificate of death. The person in charge of the actual burning covers the body with wooden logs and then with dried dung cakes. The face is closed at the last minute. The karta is given burning pieces of coal and he places the coal very tenderly on the chest of the departed. Then the face is covered with cloth. The funeral party returns home after this. The person in charge takes care of the further burning. He ensures that the body is fully burnt. Electric burning: The body is kept on a bamboo frame on rails near the door of the electric chamber. The door is opened, the frame is moved, the body is put into position and the frame is pulled back. Then the operator turns the switch on. The target temperature is around 500 degrees Celsius. The chamber coils are kept on right from the morning, body or no body. It takes around an hour for the body to burn. The black smoke can be seen from the very tall chimney above the chamber. (Here also, the karta puts the burning pieces of coal on the chest of the body before the body is pushed into the chamber). The ashes are given to the karta. Again there are some mantras and work on the ground. Once over, the karta goes to a water body, such as a beach, and immerses the ashes in the water (sanjayanam). For electrical burning the body should not be bathed. Hindu Rites amp; Rituals: After the death of a family member, the relatives become involved in ceremonies for preparation of the body and a procession to the burning or burial ground. For most Hindus, cremation is the ideal method for dealing with the dead, although many groups practice burial instead; infants are buried rather than cremated. At the funeral site, in the presence of the male mourners, the closest relative of the deceased (usually the eldest son) takes charge of the final rite and, if it is cremation, lights the funeral pyre. After a cremation, ashes and fragments of bone are collected and eventually immersed in a holy river. After a funeral, everyone undergoes a purifying bath. The immediate family remains in a state of intense pollution for a set number of days (sometimes ten, eleven, or thirteen). At the end of that period, close family members meet for a ceremonial meal and often give gifts to the poor or to charities. A particular feature of the Hindu ritual is the preparation of rice balls (pinda) offered to the spirit of the dead person during memorial services. In part these ceremonies are seen as contributing to the merit of the deceased, but they also pacify the soul so that it will not linger in this world as a ghost but will pass through the realm of Yama, the god of death. CHAPTER 2 INTRODUCTION amp; RESEARCH METHODOLOGY GENERAL INTRODUCTION: A funeral is a ceremony of sanctifying or remembering the life of deceased person. It comprises of many complex belief and various types of practices followed by peoples of various community. This event of sanctifying or remembering is on the hands of FUNERAL RITES WORKER (VETTIYANS). It is a service motive work which involves lots of ethical values and customs on religious aspect. This work is very dangerous and hazardous work but there is no proper recognization given to them neither from society nor from government here the importance and need of this study arises. In the Hindu religion, the death of a person is followed by many rituals which have to be carefully attended to in order to pay the deceased person the last respects. Unlike many other cultures, which will either bury or burn the dead, the Hindu tradition believes in cremating the dead. This goes back to the belief that the human body is made up of the five elements earth, water, fire, air and space and shall return to those five elements after death. This happens much faster when cremated than when buried and is thus the better way to dispose of the dead body with respect and dignity to the deceased person. When a person dies, the family and relatives prepare the dead body before taking it to the crematorium. For this they first wash the body and gather firewood to burn it. To prepare the wood, they take some sand and cow dung from nearby, mix it with water and paste it onto the wood. Often the family members will also put rice in the mouth of the dead person, symbolically showing the unity of the family; for the family members have taken care of that person and provided him with food while he was alive and will do so even after he is dead. They also use some dried leaves to put them with some more firewood on the body. According to the Hindu customs and tradition, the youngest son cremates the father and the eldest son does the same for the mother. The main work of the cremator is to attend to the dead bodies until they have fully burnt to ashes, with only the bones remaining whole. After he body is fully burnt, the cremators send a message to the family members and the sons will sacrifice their hair in order to pay their respects to the deceased person. Again, the younger son will let his hair be cut if the father died and the elder son if the mother died. To pay the barber for cutting the hair, each family member throws some money in a white cloth, which is the n given to the barber. Three days after the cremation the family members sprinkle milk on the ashes and the remaining bones. This symbolizes finishing the circle of life and death. The human being has started his life with drinking milk and shall end it with milk too. STATEMENT OF PROBLEM: There is a strong stigma on the Funeral Rites Worker through the ages. Most of the time they were all alone in the cremation ground and detached from the society. Though it is a dangerous and hazardous work government not provided any schemes and policies to the Funeral Rites Worker especially in rural setup. NEED OF STUDY: As per the Indian constitution Article 14 All human beings are equal in the eyes of law but these community people were highly exploited by the other people in various aspects like social, economical, political, psychological etc†¦.. Hence the need of this study arises. Definition: A funeral is a ceremony for celebrating, respecting, sanctifying, or remembering the life of a person who has died. Funerary customs comprise the complex of beliefs and practices used by a culture to remember the dead, from interment itself, to various monuments, prayers, and rituals undertaken in their honor. Customs vary widely between cultures, and between religious affiliations within cultures. The word funeral comes from the Latin funus, which had a variety of meanings, including the corpse and the funerary rites themselves. Funerary art is art produced in connection with burials, including many kinds of tombs, and objects specially made for burial with a corpse. GENERAL OBJECTIVE: * To study the status of Funeral Rites Worker (Vettiyans) SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES: * To study the living condition of F. R. W (Vettiyans) * To study the livelihood conditions of the respondents * To study about the social capital of the respondents * To study the grievances in relation to the respondents * To study the government initiatives towards the respondents * To study the F. R. W in human right perspective * To study the nature of service of the respondents To study the impact of caste on F. R. W * To study the problems and issues related to respondents in various aspects like health, psychological, economical, life threat. * To study the policy and legislation frame work for F. R. W (Material culture) RESEARCH METHODOLOGY: 1. FIELD OF STUDY. This study was conducted in Tiruvalangadu block, Thiruvallur district, Tamilnadu. This consists of 48 villages. 2. PILOT STUDY. The researcher done his pilot study on 18th July 2012 to know about the research area and to collect information from the local funeral rites workers of Tiruvalangadu block at Thiruvallur district. This pilot study was very much useful to know about the (FRW) i. e. in regional language VETTIYANS. This visit helped the researcher to frame the interview schedule to collect data. 3. RESEARCH DESIGN. The researcher adopted descriptive design which is used to describe more clearly about the research topic because the researcher felt that this design will help the researcher to fulfill the objectives of the research. 4. SAMPLING TECHNIQUE. The samples were segregated under area sampling. The researcher selected each respondent from each village; hence it is called as area sampling. 5. TOOL FOR DATA COLLECTION. Collection of data is the basis for any statistical analysis and the data collected must be accurate. Researcher adopted interview schedule to collect data. 6. SOURCES OF DATA. A. PRIMARY DATA These are the actual information’s which are received by the researcher directly from the field of research. These data’s are collected by the researcher for a specific purpose B. SECONDARY DATA Secondary data’s are available generally from the published and unpublished materials. The researcher collected data from the available books, journals, magazines, newspapers and in relevant websites. . PRE-TESTING. The pre-testing was conducted by the researcher on 6th January 2013, with 3 respondents from three villages. 8. ACTUAL DATA COLLECTION. The actual data collection starts from February 9th to 24th in Thiruvallur district, Tiruvalangadu block. LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY: 1. It was very difficult to collect the information from the FRW because most of the time they were using alcohol. 2. Availability of the respondents. 3. Finding the right man is too much difficult. CHAPTER – 3 ANALYSIS amp; INTREPRETATION EDUCATIONAL QUALIFICATION OF THE RESPONDNTS TABLE 1 EDUCATIONAL QUALIFICATION OF THE RESPONDNTS| VARIABLES| NO. OF. RESPONDENTS| Percent| | ILLITERATE| 41| 77. 4| | PRIMARY EDUCATION| 8| 15. 1| | HIGHER SECONDARY| 1| 1. 9| | Total| 50| 100| | | | | | | | The above table and figure shows the educational qualification of the respondents. Almost majority of the respondents who involved in the funeral work are illiterate, i. e. 77. 4 % of the respondents were not studied at all. 15% of the respondents stopped their education in the primary level itself. Out of 50 respondents only 1 respondent studied higher secondary level. TABLE 2 MARITAL STATUS OF THE RESPONDENTS| VARIABLES| NO. OF. RESPONDENTS| Percent| | MARRIED| 49| 98| | WIDOW| 1| 2| | Total| 50| 100| | | | | | | | MARITAL STATUS OF THE RESPONDENTS This table shows the marital status of the respondents. From the above table and diagram we come to know that 98 % of the respondents were married and 2 % of the respondent is widow. TABLE 3 COMMUNITY OF THE RESPONDENTS| VARIABLES| NO. OF. RESPONDENTS| Percent| | SC| 40| 75. 5| | ST| 10| 24. 5| | Total| 50| 100| | | | | | | | COMMUNITY OF THE RESPONDENTS This table and chart shows that 75% of the overall respondents were coming under the category of schedule caste. Remaining 25% of the respondents are schedule tribes. This chart and table helps the researcher to prove the hypothesis that the funeral rites work is seemed to be a caste based job. TABLE 4 OCCUPATION OF THE RESPONDENT| VARIABLES| NO. OF. RESPONDENTS| Percent| | FARMER| 10| 18. 9| | COOLIE| 28| 52. 8| | LABOURERS| 12| 22. 6| | Total| 50| 100| | | | | | | | OCCUPATION OF THE RESPONDENT This chart helps us to find that 53% of funeral rites workers are working as a coolie. 3% of the respondents are working as a laborer and 19% of the respondents are farmers. Apart from the funeral work they are working no run their day to day life. TABLE 5 TYPE OF RESPONDENTS FAMILY| VARIABLES| NO. OF. RESPONDENTS| Percent| | NUCLEAR| 48| 96. 2| | JOINT| 2| 3. 8| | Total| 50| 100| | | | | | | | TYPE OF RESPONDENTS FAMILY This table and chart shows that out of 5o respondents 48 respondents ar e living as a nuclear family. Only 2 respondents are living in joint family. TABLE 6 ANNUAL INCOME OF THE RESPONDENT| | NO. OF. RESPONDENTS| Percent| | BELOW 24000| 50| 100| | | | | | | | ANNUAL INCOME OF THE RESPONDENT This table and figure clearly tells us that all the 50 respondents i. e. 100% of the respondents are earning below 24000 per annum which is very low in the present economic situation. TABLE 7 RELIGION OF THE RESPONDENTS| VARIABLE| NO. OF. RESPONDENTS| Percent| | HINDHU| 50| 100| | | | | | | | RELIGION OF THE RESPONDENTS This table and diagram shows the religion of the respondents. After data collection we come to know that all the respondents who are engaged in this cremation work are coming under Hindu religion. TABLE 8 MOTHER TOUNGE OF THE RESPONDENTS| VARIABLES| NO. OF. RESPONDENTS| Percent| | TAMIL| 48| 90. 6| | TELUGU| 2| 3. 8| | Total| 50| 94. 3| Missing| System| 3| 5. 7| Total| 53| 100. 0| MOTHER TOUNGE OF THE RESPONDENTS This table and diagram represents that the local language or the mother tongue of the respondents. The output is 48 respondents are speaking Tamil and 2 respondents speaking Telugu. TABLE 9 BOUNDNESS OF FAMILY MEMBERS OF THE RESPONDENTS| | NO. OF. RESPONDENTS| Percent| Valid| YES| 37| 69. 8| | NO| 13| 24. 5| | Total| 50| 94. 3| Missing| System| 3| 5. 7| Total| 53| 100. 0| BOUNDNESS OF FAMILY MEMBERS OF THE RESPONDENTS This diagram and chart represents the boundness of the family members with the respondents. After data collection we come to know that 37 respondents replied that they are having good relationship with the members of the family but rest of the respondents i. e. 13 respondents said that they are not recognized or there is no proper good relationship between the respondents and other family members. TABLE 10 NEIBHOURS RELATIONSHIP WITH RESPONDENTS| VARIABLES| NO. OF. RESPONDENTS| Percent| Valid| GOOD| 19| 35. 8| | BAD| 31| 58. 5| | Total| 50| 94. 3| Missing| System| 3| 5. 7| Total| 53| 100. | NEIBHOURS RELATIONSHIP WITH RESPONDENTS This table implies the overall relationship of the respondents with their neighbors. The researcher come to know that 40% of the respondents only having a good relationship with their neighbors, but 60% of the respondents felt that they are not ok i. e. the relationship between them and neighbors. The same was represents in the diagram. TABLE 11 ENJOYING COM MON CELEBRATION WITH VILLAGE PEOPLES| VARIABLES| NO. OF. RESPONDENTS| Percent| Valid| YES| 7| 13. 2| | NO| 43| 81. 1| | Total| 50| 94. 3| Missing| System| 3| 5. 7| Total| 53| 100. 0| ENJOYING COMMON CELEBRATION WITH VILLAGE PEOPLES This table and diagram shows the respondents common celebration with the other members. It seems that only 7 respondents said that they are enjoying the common celebration in the village as like others, but 93 respondents said that they are not invited and they are not enjoying the common celebrations in the village. TABLE 12EARNINGS IN FUNERAL WORK| VARIABLES| NO. OF. RESPONDENTS| Percent| Valid| 2000 PER DEATH| 50| 94. 3| Missing| System| 3| 5. 7| Total| 53| 100. 0| EARNINGS IN FUNERAL WORK This table represents the income of the respondent per death for the cremation work. All the respondents said that they get Rs 2000 per death. TABLE 13 SATISFACTION OF THE RESPONDENTS| VARIABLES| NO. OF. RESPONDENTS| Percent| Valid| YES| 37| 69. 8| | NO| 13| 24. 5| | Total| 50| 94. 3| Missing| System| 3| 5. 7| Total| 53| 100. 0| SATISFACTION OF THE RESPONDENTS This table and diagram shows the satisfactory level of the respondents who are engaged in the funeral work. 37 respondents said that they are satisfied with the present occupation and 13 respondents are not satisfied in this work. TABLE 14 RESPONDENTS ENGAGED IN ASSOCIATION| VARIABLES| NO. OF. RESPONDENTS| Percent| Valid| YES| 11| 20. 8| | NO| 39| 73. 6| | Total| 50| 94. 3| Missing| System| 3| 5. 7| Total| 53| 100. 0| RESPONDENTS ENGAGED IN ASSOCIATION This table and diagram shows that respondents membership in association. 11 respondents are engaged in the associations. 39 respondents are not engaged in any kind of association. TABLE 15BENEFITS RECIVED FROM THE ASSOCIATION| VARIABLES| NO. OF. RESPONDENTS| Percent| Valid| FEES FOR CHILDREN| 3| 5. 7| | INSURANCE SCHEME| 5| 9. 4| | ACCIDENT CHARGES| 3| 5. 7| | NO| 39| 73. 6| | Total| 50| 94. 3| Missing| System| 3| 5. 7| Total| 53| 100. 0| BENEFITS RECIVED FROM THE ASSOCIATION This table represents the benefits received by the respondents from the associations. Only 11 respondents received benefits. Out of 11 respondents 3 respondents received fees for their children education from the society. 5 respondents received insurance from the association. 3 respondents received accident compensatation charges from the association. TABLE 16 AVAILING GOVERNMENT SUPPORT| VARIABLES| NO. OF. RESPONDENTS| Percent| Valid| NO| 50| 94. 3| Missing| System| 3| 5. 7| Total| 53| 100. 0| AVAILING GOVERNMENT SUPPORT This table represents the availability or support of government to the respondents. All the respondents said i. e. 100% of the respondents said that they are not getting any support from the government. TABLE 17 COMMON PROPERTY RESOURCES| VARIABLES| NO. OF. RESPONDENTS| Percent| Valid| WELLS| 20| 37. 7| | LAKES| 19| 35. 8| | PONDS| 11| 20. 8| | Total| 50| 94. 3| Missing| System| 3| 5. 7| Total| 53| 100. 0| COMMON PROPERTY RESOURCES This table represents the usage of common property resource of the village by the respondents. All the respondents replied that they are using the common properties of the village like wells, lakes, ponds etc TABLE 18PROBLEMS FACED BY THE RESPONDENTS| VARIABLES| NO. OF. RESPONDENTS| Percent| Valid| VOMITING| 13| 24. 5| | FIRE ACCIDENTS| 23| 43. 4| | RESPIRATORY PROBLEM| 10| 18. 9| | COUGH| 3| 5. 7| | OTHERS| 1| 1. 9| | Total| 50| 94. 3| Missing| System| 3| 5. 7| Total| 53| 100. 0| PROBLEMS FACED BY THE RESPONDENTS This table shows the risk faced by the respondents in funeral work. All the respondents said that they faced some kind of risks. 13 respondents said that they will get vomiting sensatation while engaged in the funeral work. 23 respondents faced fire accidents. 10 respondents having respiratory problem. 3 respondents having cough. TABLE 19 RESPONDENTS UNDERGONE TREATMENT| VARIABLES| NO. OF. RESPONDENTS| Percent| Valid| YES| 50| 94. 3| Missing| System| 3| 5. 7| Total| 53| 100. 0| RESPONDENTS UNDERGONE TREATMENT This table represents the respondent’s undergone treatment for the health problems while engaged in the cremation work. All the respondents i. e. 100 % of the respondents undergone treatment. TABLE 20 PLACE OF TREATMENT| VARIABLES| NO. OF. RESPONDENTS| Percent| Valid| PHC| 24| 45. 3| | G. H| 26| 49. 1| | Total| 50| 94. 3| Missing| System| 3| 5. 7| Total| 53| 100. 0| PLACE OF TREATMENT This table shows the place of treatment where the respondents undergone the treatment. 45% of the respondent’s undergone treatment in the public health centers. 55% of the respondents undergone the treatment in the government hospital. TABLE 21 AWARNES ABOUT INFERIOR JOB| VARIABLES| NO. OF. RESPONDENTS| Percent| Valid| YES| 28| 52. 8| | NO| 22| 41. 5| | Total| 50| 94. 3| Missing| System| 3| 5. 7| Total| 53| 100. 0| AWARNES ABOUT INFERIOR JOB This table represents the awareness level of the respondents. 53% of the respondents said that they know that this cremation work is the inferior job. 7% of the respondents said that they don’t know that this is the inferior job. TABLE 22 AWARNESS LEVEL ABOUT BASIC WORK OF HUMAN BEINGS| VARIABLES| NO. OF. RESPONDENTS| Percent| Valid| YES| 17| 32. 1| | NO| 33| 62. 3| | Total| 50| 94. 3| Missing| System| 3| 5. 7| Total| 53| 100. 0| AWARNESS LEVEL ABOUT BASIC WORK OF HUMAN BEINGS This table represents the awareness level of the respond ents. 32% of the respondents said that they know that this cremation work is the basic work for human beings. 68% of the respondents said that they don’t know that this is the basic work for human beings. TABLE 23 AWARNESS LEVEL FRW IS WEPON TO SAFEGUARD THE BELIFS| VARIABLES| NO. OF. RESPONDENTS| Percent| Valid| YES| 20| 37. 7| | NO| 30| 56. 6| | Total| 50| 94. 3| Missing| System| 3| 5. 7| Total| 53| 100. 0| AWARNESS LEVEL FRW IS WEPON TO SAFEGUARD THE BELIFS This table represents the awareness level of the respondents. 38% of the respondents said that they know that this cremation work is a weapon to safeguards the beliefs of the traditions of the family. 52% of the respondents said that they don’t know that this is a weapon to safeguards the beliefs of the traditions of the family. TABLE 24 NEW GENERATION RESPECTING FRW| VARIABLES| NO. OF. RESPONDENTS| Percent| Valid| YES| 26| 49. 1| | NO| 24| 45. 3| | Total| 50| 94. 3| Missing| System| 3| 5. 7| Total| 53| 100. 0| NEW GENERATION RESPECTING FRW This table represents the relationship between the respondents and the new young generation peoples. 49% of the respondents said that there is a good relationship between them and new young generation. They said that they are also respecting them. 51% of the respondents said that there is a no good relationship between them and new young generation. They said that they are also not respecting them. TABLE 25 DISCRIMINATION TOWARDS RESPONDENTS| VARIABLES| NO. OF. RESPONDENTS| Percent| Valid| YES| 29| 54. 7| | NO| 21| 39. 6| | Total| 50| 94. 3| Missing| System| 3| 5. 7| Total| 53| 100. 0| DISCRIMINATION TOWARDS RESPONDENTS This table and diagram represents the level of discrimination faced by the respondents by other members. 55% of the respondents said that they faced discrimination in the society. 45% of the respondents said that they didn’t face any discrimination in the society. Chapter – 4 Main findings MAIN FINDINGS: 1. It was found that 78% of the cremation workers are illiterate. 2. Almost 95% of the funeral rites workers are married. 3. It seems that 100% of the respondents who are engaged in the cremation work are coming under the schedule caste and schedule tribes caste. 4. All the cremation workers are engaged in the additional occupation to meet their day to day life expenses. 5. Majority of the funeral rite worker are engaged as a coolie to earn additional income. 6. All most majority of the funeral rites worker i. e. 97 % of the cremation worker living as a nuclear family. 7. Majority of the funeral workers are earning below 24000 per annum. . Most of the cremation workers are following the Hindu religion. 9. After proper and systematic analysis we come to know that Almost 30% of the respondents’ families are not supporting them or we can say that there is no proper boundness between them. 10. Almost 59% of the respondents are not supported by the neighbors. 11. Funeral rites workers are not allowed to engage in the common celebration of the village. 12. 74% of the cremation workers are not engaged in any kind of association. 13. Government is not considering these people as human beings. Government is also not providing any kind of support to them. 4. All the cremation workers are highly affected by the health problems. 15. Funeral rites workers are not getting any safety measures due to this they are spending their major portion of income for medical expenses. 16. Based on the analysis this cremation work is caste based occupations. 17. There is no proper reorganization to these peoples since this job is the basic work for human beings and it safeguards the customs and belief. 18. Casteism plays a vital role in this job. 19. Finally we can say that they are the poorest of the poorer Chapter – 5 Suggestions and conclusion SUGGESTIONS: 1. Government should look after these people, who are engaged in the inferior job. It is the responsibility of the government to take care of each and every individual in the society, but the whole cremation workers community is suffering a lot. 2. Government should impose some laws to safeguard the funeral rites workers. 3. Special allowances, schemes, policies should be implemented to protect the funeral rites workers. 4. Government should properly supply the required materials which are required for the cremation work. 5. All the cremation grounds should come under the surveillance of the local supervisor or local authority. . Government should provide proper medical facilities and free health checkups to the cremation workers because it is highly hazardous job. 7. Severe punishments should be given to the general public who are discriminating the funeral rites worker. 8. Government should introduce some income generation program to the cremation workers to meet their daily expenses because it is a low income job. 9. Being this job is safeguarding the customs and beliefs of the traditional and cultural families, but the payment which is given to the cremation worker is very low. So government should increase and standardized the charges to support the cremation workers. 10. More number of associations must be formed. Funeral rites workers should take necessary steps to appeal any kind of support from the government or government supported agencies. 11. Ngo’s should come up to work for the welfare of the funeral rites workers. 12. Fixed salaries and uniforms should be provided to the funeral rites workers. APPENDIX A STUDY ON STATUS OF FUNERAL RITES WORKERS IN THIRUVALLUR DISTICT TIRUVALANGADU BLOCKS TAMILNADU- 631210 INTERVIEW SCHEDULE DEMOGRAPIC DETAILS: 1. NAME: . AGE: 3. EDUCATIONAL QUALIFICATION: A) ILLITRATE B) PRIMARY C) HIGHER SECONDARY D) UG/ PG E) OTHERS 4. MARITIAL STATUS: A) MARRIED B) SINGLE C) WIDOW D) OTHERS 5. COMMUNITY: A) SC/ST B) BC C) OC D) FC E) OTHERS 6. OCCUPATION: A) FARMER B) COOLIE C) LABOURERS D) BUSINESS E) OTHERS 7. TYPE OF FAMILY: A) NUCLEAR B) JOINT C) EXTENDED D) OTHERS 8. FAMILY DETAILS: S. NO| NAME amp;RELATIONSHIP WIT H HOF| AGE| QUALIFICATION| OCCUPATION| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 9. ANNUAL INCOME: SOCIAL CONDITIONS: 10. WHAT RELIGION YOU FOLLOW A) HINDHU B) MUSLIM C) CHRISTIAN D) BUDHIST E) OTHERS 11. WHAT IS YOUR MOTHER TOUNGUE: 12. IS YOUR FAMILY MEMBERS ARE CLOSE TO YOU A) YES B) NO 13. IF NO WHY? 14. HOW IS YOUR RELATIONSHIP WITH YOUR NEIBHOURS B) GOOD B) BAD C) SATISFIED D) NOT SATISFIED 15. HAVE YOU ENJOY JOINING THE COMMON CELEBRATION IN THE AREA WITH ALL THE PEOPLE A) YES B) NO 16. IF NO WHY? SOCIAL CAPITAL: 17. HOW MUCH YOU EARN IN FUNERAL WORK A) 1000 B) 2000 C) MORE THAN 2000 18. HOW MUCH ARE YOU EARNING IN OTHER ADDITIONAL OCCUPATION: 19. DO YOU SATISFIED WITH YOUR PRESENT OCCUPATION C) YES B) NO 20. IF NO, WHY? SOCIAL SUPPORT: 1. ARE YOU ENGAGED WITH ANY ASSOCIATION A) YES B) NO 22. IF YES WHAT IS THE NAME OF THE ASSOCIATION 23. WHEN IT STARTED 24. BENEFITS YOU RECIVING FROM THE ASSOCIATION 1) 2) 3) 4) 25. HOW MANY MEMBERS IN THE ASSOCIATION 26. ARE YOU GETTING ANY SUPPORT FROM THE GOVERNMENT OR GOVERNMENT AGENCIES D) YES B) NO 27. IF YES, WHAT TYPE OF SUPPORT COMMON PROPERTY RESOURSES: 28. ARE YOU AVAILING OR USING THE COMMON RESOURCES IN THE VILLAGE E) WELLS B) LAKES C) PONDS D) BORE WELL E) OTHERS 9. IF NO, WHY? RISK amp; NATURE: 30. WHAT TYPE OF RISK YOU FACED IN FUNERAL WORK F) VOMITING G) RESPIRATORY PROBLEM H) COUGH I) OTHERS J) FIRE ACCIDENTS 31. HAVE YOU UNDERGONE ANY TREATMENT? 32. IF YES, WHERE? K) PHC L) G. H M) LOCAL MEDICAL PRACTIONERS N) OTHERS 33. IF NO, WHY? 34. WHAT IS THE PROCESS IN YOUR WORK OR NATURE OF WORK 35. WHAT IS YOUR PSYCHOLOGICAL FEEL WHEN YOU ARE ENGAGED IN THIS WORK. HUMAN RIGHTS PERSPECTIVE: 36. DO YOU THINK, THAT THIS IS A INFERIOR WORK? O) YES B) NO 37. IF YES? GIVE 2 REASONS 1. 2. 38. DO YOU KNOW THAT FRW IS A BASIC WORK FOR HUMAN BEINGS P) YES Q) NO 39. DO YOU THINK YOU ARE THE WEAPON TO SAFEGUARD THE CUSTOMS AND BELIEF OF THE TRADITIONS? 40. DOES THIS GENERATION OF PEOPLE RESPECT YOU? R) YES S) NO 41. IF NO? WHAT IS THE REASON 42. DO YOU FACE ANY DISCRIMINATION IN THE VILLAGE T) YES U) NO 43. IF YES? WHAT KIND OF DISCRIMINATION 44. DO YOU BELIVE THAT THIS IS A CASTE BASED OCCUPATION? V) YES W) NO